How the Soviet Union intervened in the Afghan war in 1979
Afghanistan has never ruled any conqueror since Alexander the Great. From the time of the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia until the 1980s, Afghanistan had been close with the Soviet Union and received much military and economic support from the Soviet Union.
In 1973, former Prime Minister Dowd Khan became president after the army dethroned Zahir Shah. Dowd pursued reform and openness by following a pro-Japanese line, but he was not a communist, and he wanted to make Afghanistan an independent nation that would not be distracted from east to west.
Mohammed Dowd Khan
However, it was natural for the Communist Party to penetrate into the Soviet Union, and the Afghan People's Party (PDPA) was on the political scene in those days. In order to prevent the PDPA from gaining power after the coup, Dowd began pushing the Constitution and began to suppress the Communist Party by establishing a one - party system to recognize its own revolutionary party as its only party and arresting party members.
Of course, the PDPA was planning another coup to drive out the Dowd because it did not like it, but the Communist Party, which had infiltrated the military and police at the time, was divided into two big factions. Among them, the Parcham market was a moderate wave centered on intellectuals and the Khalq market was a radical left centered around rural villagers.
The Parthian wave, led by Babrak Karmal, saw the communist reforms as progressing gradually over time, since Afghanistan as a whole was at a very minimal level of industrialization, while Nur Muhammad Taraki and Harpy Jula Hafk, led by Amin (Hafi zullah Amin), was the first to capture power on the basis of power, and since then he had to root Communism through Stalin and Mao Zedong methods.
Women in Kabul City in 1979. Freedom from the Taliban regime is visible
Women in Kabul City in 1979. Freedom from the Taliban regime is visible
In April 1978, the Communist Party in the center of Taraki and Amin caused a coup by pacifying tanks and commandos in Kabul. Dowd was killed in the presidential palace with his family, calling it the April Revolution or the Soar Revolution. This incident broke the bloody civil war that began over the next decade or so.
Afghanistan Fourth Armored Brigade Remains in Kabul Street After Revolution
When the coup succeeded, the Revolutionary Parliament was established and the Afghan Democratic Republic (DRA) was declared, with Taraki as President and Kartha as deputy prime minister. They carried out large-scale social reforms as planned, mainly promoting the stratification of feudal elements rooted throughout the countryside, and the leveling of women's education and employment.
After the Sore revolution in Kabul Times, Cabinet
These ideas were good to hear but were not welcomed by most of Afghan people with poor educational background. In particular, the conservative rural people who put the Koranic teachings first of all above was of the opinion that communism or reform was out of the question.
Tarraki arrested all the opposition forces and imprisoned them in camps. The people were more aggressive, and in March 1979, a martial-armed militia killed 3,000 militants in a massive uprising in Herat. From this incident, Afghanistan fell into a swirl of civil war.
The fact that Taraki 's government is incompetent is immediately apparent. They totally lost public sentiment because they suppressed the protesters with their fingers and put anti-government religious people and political opposition in camps randomly and executed without trial, just like Stalin. Resistance of the people that started in the provinces was extended to the anti-government armed struggle of Islamic rebels as a nationwide civil war, 'Jihad (temple)'.
The appearance of the pools of Charlotte. It was built by a German architect with a capacity of 5,000 people, but when the Soviet army came in, there were 12,000 inmates
But a poor regular army could not crush the demonstrators properly, and Taraki soon began asking the Soviet Union to send troops because they could not keep security.
In the meantime, the Soviet Politburo - mainly secretary Bresnev, KGB director Andropov, and Defense Minister Ustinov - have been worried about the situation in Afghanistan since the Revolution, and Taraki and Amin have gained the power of socialist policy Though it hurts to push the Afghan government into Hellfire and ask the Soviet Union to clean up the shit that it has now wrapped up, Taraki and Amin were in a position of no avail, because they were passionate couches supporting Marxism-Leninism.
Since the Soviet army's direct involvement in the Afghan civil war was not well-formed internationally and there was a risk of breaking old friendship with Afghanistan, the Soviet Union rejected Taraki's repeated requests for reinforcements.
Instead, he said he would send more weapons and munitions to suppress the mob because he thought the Afghan government had to deal with Afghan civil war.
Secretary Brzeznev was reluctant to directly intervene in the Soviet Union in Afghanistan because he considered strategic duties with the United States in the 1970s an important achievement.
In the midst of the civil war, there was a shift of power within the Communist Party of Afghanistan. Parfumpa gave most of the seats and office to Halfpa, and Prime Minister Hafizia Amin, who became a prime minister, I started to look over.
Taraki and Amin had a political strife to occupy the military, which led to an assassination attempt on Amin, but he was thrust into the hands of the Soviet embassy that obtained this information.
Harpy Julia Amin says he admired Stalin's photographs enough to keep him hanging in his office.
In September 1979, Amin mobilized an army to arrest Taraki and become a new president. Amin, who was a Stalinist, continued terrorism as well as Taraji, but he still could not control the situation in Afghanistan. The army slaughtered civilians and in the prison camps children and their parents were tortured and executed.
The civil war grew more and more, and despite the support of the Soviet Union, the control of the Afghan government was getting better and better. The power of the government was only 20 percent of the total, and it was even less and more than 20,000 people were executed or exiled to Pakistan and Iran, becoming mujahedeen and now the Taliban.
Muhammad Tharaki was arrested and killed by a pillow, but was publicly broadcast as a natural death due to health deterioration
The Soviet Union has been disappointed with the incompetent Afghan Communist Party, which has been making the effort to get rid of it, and has turned to the position that military intervention is necessary because it is determined that Afghanistan should no longer fall to Islam.
There were three main reasons for the Soviet Union to consider active intervention.
1. Strategic balance between the US and the Soviet Union -
2. US Allies lose due to Iranian revolution -> Possibility of US or China to enter Afghanistan due to instability
3. Amin's spy suspicion of the CIA in the KGB.
These reasons were complex, and the Soviet Union is slowly starting to prepare for the invasion. The Soviet Union created a unit of Central Asians for a special warfare, removed two units from the KGB Spetsnats, moved them to Kabul, and reduced supplies for Afghanistan.
It was called the Soviet Duke Unit of the Central Asians - a so-called 'Muslim battalion'
The Soviet strategic goal was to stabilize a moderate government that removed Amin from the throne and presided over Parliamentary head of state Bubrakak Karma, who exiled to the Czech Republic.
The Soviet Army's preparations for the invasion of Afghanistan were already under way before the decision was made in Moscow. Some of the 345 proximal parachute regiments were already stationed in Bagram, and in December 1979, a specials team (Zenit team), which was taken out of the KGB Spetsnats, was disguised as a technician and augmented by Bagram.
Soviet Army at Kabul Airport
In order to make it look like a coup d'état led by the Afghan Communist Party, not the Spetsnats, the Soviet secretly invited Bab Rakkar, who was in exile in the Czech Republic, to Bagram and prepared a speech to read on radio after the coup. The coup was planned for the 13th, but the number of troops needed for the invasion was unreasonably small, and the operation was postponed because the military had a conflict with the KGB.
Politeburo and the KGB wanted to resolve Afghan conflict by attracting a minimum number of troops (about four divisions), not a massive invasion, but international attention, while the military was aware of the outward gaze, Because it claimed that more divisions were needed to make it right.
Soviet army launches guerrilla warfare. The Soviet Army, which was the first 80,000, increased to 100,000 in 1985
The Soviet Politburo was, above all, anticipating a limited war based on the goal of removing Amin from power and stabilizing a new government with Karma as president, later becoming a Middle Eastern Vietnam as gay people know. The ideal scenario that the Soviets wanted was that Karma succeeded in a coup, and the Soviets were merely trying to help him (or wanted to be)
Anyway, with this strengthened force, the 40th Army was newly established in the military capitals of Turkestan, and on December 25, Ustinov finally formulated the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan by ordering the movement.
Movement path of the Soviet Army. We used two land routes and one merit to develop along the road, to secure a base and a supply line
On the other hand, Harpy Julia Amin was pleased to hear that the Soviet army was crossing the border, not knowing that a coup d'etat against him had been underway since he himself had been waiting for the Kremlin to send Soviet troops for months.
The Soviet Union was planning a secret mission, so it did not declare war and did not notify the embassy. Since the Soviet Union acted rather like a support army, the Afghan government never imagined that Bournecking had a hostile intent.
Soviet troops crossing Uzbekistan
Amin had moved his dwelling from the Presidential Palace in Kabul to the Tajikek Palace on the outskirts of the city, but it was not that he suspected the Soviet Union because it was easier to defend from the Mujahideen. But the Soviet Union, which had to remove amines first of all for the coup, had to fight for the first time here
The Tajik Beck Palace was built strong enough to withstand howitzer fire, and Amin's personal escorts were in charge inside. All the roads leading to the palace were buried except for one, and the only road accessible was covered by machine guns and mortars.
In addition, there were a total of three plies, from the seven defensive mid-range weapons armed with automatic machines and mortars to the outermost defense lines guarded by three battalion troops. In addition, three T-54 tanks covered the palace in the highlands, and there was an air defense unit at a distance. Considering the Soviet troops in Kabul, it was a little burdensome, but since the Soviet primary goal was the elimination of amines, it had to be dropped.
The Soviets continued to arrive in Kabul without any suspicion. The KGB planned the assassination by the poison and the assassination by the sniper in order to remove the amine, but the poison returned to the blast as the doctor resurrected it, and the sniper does not miss the opportunity because Amin changes security measures.
Now all that remains is to inject the Spetsnats, which is called Operation Storm 333.
The Zenit team from the KGB Spetsnats, the Grom team from GRU Spetsnats, and one company of the 345 proximal parachute regiment were put in charge of the "Muslim Battalion" The participation force was about 660 people. Their goal was to assassinate the palace, kill Amine and identify the body.
A typical appearance of Afghanistan's Spetsnats. 1988 photo
The KGB, which had already been acquainted with Amin's security forces, was able to obtain information about the internal structure of the palace and surrounding defense facilities, thanks to the permission of inspectors of the Spetsnats commanders who participated in the operation as an excuse for strengthening the security of the palace. The final attack plan was set up.
1. Two ZSU-23-4 'Shilka' armored vehicles attacking the palace
2. Two Muslim bands block reinforcements
3. Afghanistan's T-54 aggression by the first team
4. One Muslim Battalion Company, Zenit Team, Grom Team BMP Topson, Entering the Palace
Colonel Vladimir Kozlov, who plans and directs Operation 333 of Storm. It belonged to GRU.
The Spetsnats team received a briefing from the commander the day before, saying, "Amin is a traitor to the CIA and is a tyrant who oppresses the Afghan people and should be removed." The Afghan military uniform, I did it.
Colonel Kozlov, commander of the Operations Division, on December 27th, at 6:00 pm, had the operation begun and the order given was simple.
'Afghanistan's president in the palace and all those killed'
Twenty minutes later, the antitank team that blew up three T-54 trains on the approach road. The barracks with the tankers were too far away, and the surrounding guards were already handled by the sniper, which was very simple. Soon the red flares rose to the sky, and the searchlight of the Afghan guerrilla lighted the enemies, and two Shishka armored vehicles started to fire in the palace. But the wall was so thick that most of the 23mm gun shells bounced and gave little damage.
T-62A participated in the Revolutionary Memorial Parade in Kabul. Before the invasion, the KGB made most of the tanks impossible to start by removing the batteries with excuses for winter preparation.
One of the Muslim Battalion and one of the Spetsnats teams who were fighting the palace were assaulted in front of each other with Topson in BMP and saturating Afghan garrison. When the bullets fired into the armored car, the shooters responded and the inside of the armored car filled with gunpowder gas changed into a space that was difficult to breathe.
Some of them were surrounded by flames and some were overturned under the bridge, but the BMPs were approaching the palace as close as possible, and the troops came close to the windows or doors of the buildings and hid themselves.
Soviet army assaulting with BMP. Training Photos
However, because Shilka's shot was useless, Spetsnats was in a situation where he was shot with a machine gun and was unable to move. The troops were scattered all over the building, and the original command system was gone and the people next to each other began to act together.
When the machine guns were defeated, the team of Spetsnats entered the building. As the grenades exploded and the electricity in the building was cut off, the inside of the building became almost impossible to identify the peer. All the members of the Spetsnats were scolding in Russian, so they just barely knew their friends.
ZSU-23-4 Grand Armored Vehicle. 23mm cannon with 4 doors and 4,000 firepower per minute
Since the Spetsnats were wearing Afghan uniforms, the garrison of the palace then began to surrender, knowing that they were fighting the Soviet army. Spetsnats was ordered not to take prisoners, but most of those who surrendered were saved. Amin, who thought that the Soviet Union was allied before the death, was found in the process as a body and it was not known exactly how and who killed it. The operation was over in 43 minutes and the Afghan army was no longer fighting back.
The 2007 appearance of the Taj Beck Palace, which was ruined after the war. It was destroyed by the assault of Spetsnats.
In this operation, the Soviet Union killed 20 people, of which only five were killed, leaving about 250 defenders including President Hapjylla Amin, and 150 deaths, and one of the most successful operations in the history of Spetsnats. . The participants were decorated and treated as heroes, but as a result of the nature of the operation, they were obliged to disregard any mention of this incident.
Unlike photographs, Spetsnats was wearing armor and helmet at the time. The submachine guns armed with escorts are said to have failed to penetrate the Spetsnats' armor.
After Kabul was occupied, Karma's speech was broadcast on radio, informing him about the regime change. But the hostility between the two factions in the Afghan Communist Party has deepened as much as it has already been, and like Karmadou Amin, the newly-elected President, we had to rely on violence to maintain our regime.
The camp was soon filled with Khafsa on behalf of the Parthians and all the men of Amin's family were executed. The Soviet Union protested, but Afghan government was already far away from the corner. In 25 of the 28 states in Afghanistan, mobs were already armed with firearms and the civil war continued.
Mujahideen holding a stinger launcher. The CIA, China and Pakistan exported rebels and weapons to the Taliban in the aftermath of the civil war, and they later returned to the Taliban.
Karma had to entrust all the security to the Soviet army because it could not trust the Afghan army that caused the uprising, and it became a cause for the Soviets to fall into guerrilla war until 1989. According to the 1988 Geneva Agreement, the Soviets withdrew completely early the following year, and Afghanistan was celebrating the nationwide era in which mujahedeen, divided into several factions, were struck by each other.
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